Water ecological function zoning in Heihe River Basin,Northwest China     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin.  相似文献   

Assessing the feasibility of integrating remote sensing and in-situ measurements in monitoring water quality status of Lake Chivero,Zimbabwe     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

This work investigates the likelihood of integrating the cheap and readily-available broadband multispectral MODIS data and in-situ measurements in quantifying and monitoring water quality status of an inland lake within Upper Manyame Catchment in Zimbabwe. Specifically we used MODIS images to quantify inland lake chlorophyll_a concentrations, as a proxy for predicting lake pollution levels. The findings of this study show a high chlorophyll_a concentration of 0.101 ± 0.128 μg/L within the Lake. The results further demonstrated that the chlorophyll_a concentration levels did not significantly vary (p = 0.788) between sites, except among depths (p = 0.05). Further, prediction results based on the relationship between observed and predicted chlorophyll_a produced a high R² value of 0.89 and a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.003 μg/L. Moreover, the derived landuse maps of Upper Manyame Catchment indicated a significant variation in the percentage settlement in 1985, 1994 and 2010 change from 1985 to 2010. For instance, 8% increase in settlement in the period between 1994 and 2010 and over 12% increase from 1985 to 2010 and a decline in percent forest coverage (i.e. 9.8% in 1985 to 2.0% in the year 2010) in the catchment was observed. Overall, the findings of this study highlights the importance of free and readily-available satellite datasets (such as the multispectral MODIS and Landsat) in quantifying and monitoring water quality across inland lakes especially in data-scarce areas like Sub-Saharan Africa.  相似文献   

Allocating agricultural production factors: A scenario-based modeling of wheat production in Shandong Province,China     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

We aim to determine the effects of agricultural factors input per hectare on wheat production, and to optimize the allocation of wheat production factors under three scenarios and in different operating modes. Data were collected from 204 farming households using a face-to-face questionnaire. The sampled farms were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. We find fertilizer cost, irrigation cost and machinery cost all positively and significantly affect the per-unit-area wheat production, indicating the labor cost is not the major driving factor on wheat yield increment. Multi-object optimization model is used to allocate the production factors per hectare. We find under the Business as usual (BAU) scenario, the irrigation cost per-hectare wheat production after optimization in 2014 grows at a rate of 24.31% and accounts for 14.9% of total input. Under the Cooperate Environmental Sustainability (CES) scenario, the fertilizer and pesticide costs after optimization drop significantly by 42.83% and 21.41%, respectively. Under the Rapid Benefit Growth (RBG) scenario, the irrigation cost after optimization increase by 2.56% and the fertilizer cost increases by 4.69% compared with the surveyed data. Comparison of optimized data among three operating modes shows that the labor costs at household farm and cooperative farm both increase significantly. Cooperative farms are more successful in production factor use efficiency and economic performance. In conclusion, wheat production at different operating modes could be improved so as to constitute more efficient and economic use of production factors.  相似文献   

Long time-series spatiotemporal variations of NPP and water use efficiency in the lower Heihe River Basin with serious water scarcity     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

It is of great significance to analyze the long time-series spatiotemporal dynamics of water use efficiency (WUE) to formulating appropriate management measures in response to the growing water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. This study analyzed the long time-series variations of WUE in the Lower Heihe River Basin, a typical arid and semi-arid region in China. The net primary productivity (NPP) was first estimated with the C-fix model, then WUE during 2001–2010 was calculated with the NPP and evapotranspiration (ET) data, and the accumulative WUE was further calculated. The results showed that the annual NPP and WUE in the study area ranged from zero to 448.70 gC/(m² a) and from zero to 2.20 gC kg⁻¹ H₂O, respectively, both of which showed an overall increasing trend during 2001–2010. Besides, the spatial pattern of WUE kept overall unchanged during 2001–2010, but with remarkable change in some part of the study area. In addition, the accumulative WUE of the whole study area showed a first sharply decreasing and then gradually increasing trend, but there was still some scope to improve the WUE, and it is necessary to carry out some more specific policies to further improve the water allocation and WUE within the Lower Heihe River Basin. Although with some uncertainties, these results still can provide valuable reference information for improving the water resource management and ecological conservation to guarantee provision of essential ecosystem services in arid and semi-arid regions.  相似文献   

新疆阿尔泰山喀纳斯湖冰层温度变化规律试验研究     

程培峰  李吉庭  宇德忠  郝中华 《冰川冻土》2016,38(3):692-698

2014年12月-2015年4月期间,新疆布尔津县喀纳斯湖举行了冰上旅游项目。为监测冰层生长、发育和融化状况,分别对喀纳斯湖（湖边、湖中）A、B、C三点进行温度监测,利用监测得到的冰层温度数据绘制湖冰从上到下温度分布状况图。根据湖边与湖中的冰层结构特点,从冰层的天然结构角度分析湖冰结构对温度分布的影响。结果表明：天然冰层中温度传递系数并不是一致不变的,既受冰上气温、冰下湖水温度的影响,也受到冰层自身结构状况的影响,并进一步阐述了湖面冰层的温度分布规律与变化成因,为分析温度对冰层强度的影响奠定了基础。  相似文献   

深部高承压水地层裂隙岩体冻结温度场实测研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李栋伟  周艳  靳鹏伟  李阳  张瀚 《冰川冻土》2016,38(1):140-144

通过深部高承压水地层冻结法凿井现场实测,获得矿井裂隙岩体各个层位测温孔的温度和盐水去回路干管温度变化规律.结果表明:测温孔实测温度在冻结初期呈线性下降规律;当温度继续降低到岩石的结冰温度以后,降温速率逐步增加;当冻结帷幕达到设计温度时,实测温度变化趋于平缓;外圈管外侧测温孔降温速率最慢,两圈管之间位置的测温孔降温速率最快;位于不同位置不同层位的测温孔降温速率不一致,其中位于92m深度的卵石层(C1^#测温孔)降温速率为0.54℃·d^-1,位于209m深度的砂质泥岩(C3^#测温孔)降温速率为0.9℃·d^-1;根据实测温度可以预测地层形成冻结帷幕的交圈时间、厚度、平均温度等冻结设计参数.深部裂隙岩体冻结温度实测资料对指导冻结帷幕设计与施工具有重要实践意义.  相似文献   

适用于检测冻土的超声波测试系统的设计与研制     

邴慧  赵淑萍  杜玉霞  黄星 《冰川冻土》2016,38(4):937-942

超声波波速测试作为一种无损检测已经广泛应用到岩土工程行业,该测试方法也是获得岩土体物理力学参数的有效方法.目前鲜有关于冻土的声波测试的技术和方法的报导,已有的冻土声波测试都是在垂直方向上忽略换能器的质量并在常温下快速测试声波通过时间,难以满足测试精度.鉴此,在购置常温声波测试主机的基础上,充分考虑冻土对温度敏感的特性、换能器在水平方向的测试以及土样与换能器之间的耦合程度,设计了一种适用于多种类型的冻土超声波换能器支架和恒温箱的测试系统,恒温箱意在提供适合不同温度下土体的测试环境（-30℃～+30℃）,换能器支架可供低温、提供多种尺寸冻土试样的横波和纵波的测试平台.为避免垂直测试中换能器和土样自身对测试的影响,除了支架提供水平测试平台外,在调节换能器与土样接触距离的螺杆顶端放置应变片测试冻土样与换能器之间的接触程度以提高冻土声波波速的测试精度.利用该测试系统对不同负温下冻土样品进行测试,数据结果证明了该测试系统的实用性和良好的测试精度.  相似文献   

养护温度对水泥固化淤泥强度影响试验研究     

章荣军  郑俊杰  程钰诗  董瑞 《岩土力学》2016,37(12):3463-3471

采用水泥固化海泥（CSMC）作为围海垦地填料正在被广泛关注。由于水化放热,当环境温度较高时大体积填筑的CSMC内部实际养护温度可能明显高于室内标准养护温度（≈ 20 ℃）,这必然会对CSMC的强度发展产生影响,但目前工程实践中并未考虑这一温度差异的影响。因此,基于室内试验,测试了不同配合比CSMC试样在不同养护温度下的强度发展过程,并重点探讨了养护温度对CSMC强度发展的影响规律及其内在机制。结果表明：养护温度对CSMC强度发展影响显著,高的养护温度不仅会显著提高CSMC的早期强度,而且会比较明显地提高CSMC的晚期强度,这就意味着在CSMC垦地工程实践中考虑养护温度的影响是十分必要的。鉴于此,文中最后给出了如何在CSMC垦地工程实践中考虑养护温度对强度发展影响的建议和设计流程。  相似文献   

表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对夏季暴雨事件的响应   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

吴夏  潘谋成  朱晓燕  白晓  张碧云  张美良 《中国岩溶》2016,35(3):274-281

为揭示表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应机制,利用HOBO土壤温度和体积含水率监测仪,连续监测2014年7-8月20 cm和70 cm土壤温度与体积含水率。结果表明:研究区域20 cm土壤温度呈日变化,这种日变化格局主要受到大气温度日变化的影响,70 cm土壤温度总体上呈上升趋势,主要受到夏季大气环流使气温升高的影响。夏季暴雨事件降低了20 cm深度的土壤温度、增加其土壤体积含水率,并且导致70 cm处土壤温度先增高后降低、土壤体积含水率升高。土壤体积含水率较低情况下,暴雨事件使得浅层较高温度土壤水快速向下移动引起升温,而后土壤体积含水率到达一定阈值后,便能够快速响应降水事件。研究表明,岩溶地区不同深度土壤温度和体积含水率受到夏季降水事件的影响存在差异。浅层土壤能够快速的响应暴雨事件,深层土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应不仅受到降水量阈值的影响,而且也受到表层土壤温度和体积含水率的制约。   相似文献   

2015年夏季南疆地区高温冰雪洪水特征   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

商莉  黄玉英  毛炜峄 《冰川冻土》2016,38(2):480-487

2015年7月中旬开始至8月初,新疆地区受东移的伊朗高压控制,新疆南疆塔里木河流域及其周边区域遭遇历史同期罕见高温天气.南疆地区和天山山区7月平均气温分别为27.9℃、17.8℃,较常年分别偏高2.3℃、2.6℃,偏高幅度均居历史同期第一位;南疆及天山山区共计42站7月平均气温突破同期历史极值,使该地区从高空到地面不同高度气温都同时升高.0℃层高度都高于雪线高度,导致南疆多条河流发生冰雪消融性洪水,造成不同程度的洪水灾害.此次由高温天气产生的多条河流冰雪消融性洪水,由于具有充足的水热因子,致使南疆多条河流超过警戒流量和保证流量.尼雅河出现有实测资料以来第2位的洪水,阿克苏库玛拉克河发生有实测资料以来第3位的洪水;发生洪水的河流范围之广、持续时间之长历史罕见,叶尔羌河、玉龙喀什河、喀拉喀什河超警戒流量持续时间在半个月以上,叶尔羌河达到25 d.通过对历年冰雪消融性洪水资料分析,洪峰流量和日流量（洪量）与高空温度有较好的相关性,由此建立冰雪消融性洪水预报模型,应用在2015年夏季洪水预报中取得明显的效果,对于今后预报此类洪水提供了有益的借鉴.  相似文献